Quantum Physics | United States America (US)

Create: 2025-05-30 Update: 2025-07-03 02:56:26

چرا دو نوع بار الکتریکی وجود دارد؟

پاسخ در تقارن‌های بنیادی طبیعت نهفته است.
بار الکتریکی نتیجه یک تقارن پنهان در قوانین فیزیک است. این تقارن توسط گروه ریاضی U(1) توصیف می‌شود که مثل یک چرخش نامرئی در فضای کوانتومی عمل می‌کند. تابع موج در فضای برداری مختلط هیلبرت تعریف می‌شود. تبدیلات U(1) ضرب این توابع موج در یک عامل فاز است که مشابه یک چرخش در فضای مختلط عمل می‌کند.
هر ذره با بار مثبت یا منفی، در واقع جهت این چرخش را مشخص می‌کند (مثل ساعتگرد یا پادساعتگرد) و تعداد بارها (دو نوع) از تعداد پارامترهای مستقل این تقارن ناشی می‌شود.
نیروهای دیگر طبیعت تقارن های پیچیده تر با مولد های بیشتر دارند:
نیروی هسته‌ای قوی با توجه به اینکه گروه SU(3) دارای ۸ مولد است، ۸ نوع بار دارد.
نیروی هسته‌ای ضعیف ۳ نوع بار، چون تقارن SU(2) دارای ۳ مولد است.

اما الکترومغناطیس ساده‌ترین تقارن (U(1)) را دارد، بنابراین فقط یک بار الکتریکی (با دو قطب + و -) ایجاد می‌کند. بار مثبت و منفی در واقع دو جهت ممکن برای پاسخ میدان کوانتومی به تقارن U(1) هستند.

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چرا دو نوع بار الکتریکی وجود دارد؟

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