Quantum Physics | United States America (US)

Create: 2023-05-26 Update: 2025-07-02 20:38:16

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🆔 @Physics3p

اگر جرم پروتون و نوترون های یک هسته را باهم جمع کنیم این مقدار از جرم هسته‌ی اتم بیشتر است. به این تفاوت جرم کاهیده می‌گویند. در نظر بگیرید که N نوترون و Z پروتون در یک هسته وجود دارد. یک افزایش در انرژی پتانسیل الکتریکی داریم که موجب نیروی الکترواستاتیکی بین پروتونها است و باعث می‌شود پروتون ها از هم دور شوند. اما یک کاهش انرژی پتانسیل توسط نیروی هسته ای قوی داریم که موجب کاهش انرژی پتانسیل الکتریکی می‌شود. این کاهش انرژی پتانسیل انرژی بستگی هسته می‌گویند. طبق رابطه E=mc² این کاهش انرژی معادل کاهش جرم است. در شکافت هسته ای یک هسته از اتم به دو هسته با جرم تقریبا برابر تولید می‌شود که این باعث آزاد شدن انرژی بستگی می‌شود. این همان انرژی است که در رآکتور هسته ای و بمب اتمی ازاد می‌شود. در گداخت هسته ای دو هسته بهم جوش میخورند و هسته سنگین تری به وجود می‌آورند که مقداری جرم به انرژی تبدیل می‌شود. این اساس تولید انرژی‌ در ستارگان است. برای اینکه گداخت اتفاق بیفتد باید هسته دو اتم بسیار بهم نزدیک شوند. زمانی این اتفاق می‌افتد که انرژی جنبشی بر دافعه کولنی غلبه کند یا به عبارتی دما به حدی برسد که هسته ها بتوانند بهم وصل شوند. جالب است بدانید طبق فیزیک کلاسیک دمای خورشید برای آغاز فرایند گداخت باید بیش از 10¹⁰ کلوین باشد اما دمای خورشید 10⁷ کلوین است. مکانیک کوانتوم به ما می‌گوید پروتون ها می‌توانند از سد پتانسیل تونل ( تونل زنی کوانتومی ) بزنند بدون اینکه انرژی کافی برای بالا رفتن از تپه را داشته باشند.

🆔 @Physics3p

منبع: اخترفیزیک مقدماتی بابک کبیری منش

Quantum Physics

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