Create: 2022-01-21 Update: 2024-06-01 18:10:39

关于行业分类标准

引

我一直认为人类的发展史是一部不断地对抗自然规律的历史, 自然规律是让世界万物无序生长, 而人类却制定了各种规则来打破自然规律, 让人类文明更加繁荣. 所以研究先人以及当今有权势的人指定的规则, 能够帮助我们理解这个世界.

行业分类就是这样一个例子.

自从人类学会了协作, 剩余劳动力就被解放了出来, 闲杂人等不用种田转而搞些别的花里胡哨, 于是产生了各行各业, 同时人类各种花里胡哨的需求也被开发出来, 不种田的人也能够通过交易换到粮食, 于是又产生了经济. 桥水资本的老板达利欧说经济就是所有交易的总和, 吾深以为意.

那么世界这个大经济体中有多少行业? 中国有句古话叫做 "360 行, 行行出状元", 360 行还是古时候的事情, 随着人类社会的不断发展, 细分的行业数量已经远远不止 360 了. 要研究这些行业, 就一定得对他们分门别类, 而如此之多的行业, 如何给他们分类是一项十分挑战人们知识量的工作, 首先要对社会上所有的经济活动都十分了解, 知晓他们的运作原理, 清楚他们的特征和区别, 才能够知道该依据哪些点对他们进行分类, 以及分成多少类, 这个过程就像搭建框架, 这个框架要精准而又普适, 不至于过个十年又出来新的行业时无法放进这个框架里. 这是需要一帮出色的社会学家和经济学家们协作完成的工作.

我反正是没有足够的知识来自行完成行业分类, 但是世界上已经有很多权威完成了这一工作, 制定了各种行业分类标准, 我们可以学习他们的分类依据, 并且用他们的成果更好的理解这个世界.

如何分类

通过学习世界上现有的各种分类标准, 我发现这些权威们进行分类时是从两个方向进行的, 一是供给端视角, 更多的根据供给端的生产制造工艺流程上分类, 另外是以需求端为视角, 如果从需求上看两类商品性质系统可替代性很强, 那他们可能会被归为同样的行业. 从两个方向分类可能得到不同的结果, 比如烟草制品和电子烟, 从供给端来说一个属于烟草种植行业另一个属于电子设备; 但是从需求端来说这两者就都算是零售消费了.

大家一般把从供给端视角分类的方式称为管理型, 把需求端视角的分类称为投资型. 管理型适合政府做宏观管理, 统计, 了解国民经济内部结构, 投资型就是各种金融机构青睐的, 适合做投资分析, 制定跟踪指数等.

常见标准

下面列出了一些国内外的权威分类标准, 以及其是管理型还是投资型. 可以看到政府管理部门制定的都是管理型, 金融机构制定的都是投资型 (无用的大实话...)

* 联合国行业分类标准 (ISIC) - 管理型
* 北美行业分类系统 (NAICS) - 管理型
* 中国统计局的《国民经济行业分类》(GB/T 4754-2017) - 管理型
* 全球行业分类标准 (GICS) - 投资型
* 富时全球分类系统 (FTSE) - 投资型
* 中国证监会的《中国上市公司分类指引》- 投资型

另外国内投资者们经常听到的申万, 中信以及 Wind 制定的标准, 也是属于投资型.

#经济 #投资 #行业分类 #GICS #ISIC

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关于行业分类标准

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