✳Regulation of Electrolytes
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⚪Anions—negatively charged electrolytes; include chloride, phosphorus, and bicarbonate
⚪Cations—positively charged electrolytes; include sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
✳Major extracellular electrolytes
🔘Sodium
🔘Chloride
🔘Calcium
🔘Bicarbonate
✳Major intracellular electrolytes
🔘Potassium
🔘Phosphate
🔘Magnesium
✳Normal cell function
⚪ Volume of fluid
⚪Acid-base balance
⚪Hormone ( aldosterone , PTH , ADH ,Calcitonin and ANP )
✳The role of organs and glands
⚪Kidneys—regulate sodium and potassium balance (excrete potassium in exchange for sodium
retention)
⚪Lungs and liver—regulate sodium and water balance and blood pressure
⚪Heart—secretes ANP, causing sodium excretion
and water
⚪GI tract—absorbs and excretes fluids and electrolytes
⚪Parathyroid glands—secrete parathyroid hormone.
PTH in bone stimulate osteoclast activity lead to increased Calcium and phosphate
In the renal PTH stimulate reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphate and stimulate alpha1-hydrxolase enzyme
⚪Thyroid gland—secretes calcitonin, which prevents calcium release from the bone
⚪Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary—produce and secrete antidiuretic hormone causing water
retention, which affects solute concentration
🔼Increased serum osmolality, or decreased blood volume, can stimulate the release of ADH, which
in turn increases the kidneys’ reabsorption of water. The increased reabsorption of water results
in more concentrated urine.
🔼Likewise, decreased serum osmolality, or increased blood volume, inhibits the release of ADH
and causes less water to be reabsorbed, making the urine less concentrated.
⚪Adrenal glands—secrete aldosterone, which causes water and sodium retention
and potassium excretion.
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✅نکاتی بسیار تاپ وکنکوری ویژه دکتری
@biochemistryk
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