👨‍🏫 در وبینار رایگان زبان عمومی (روز یکشنبه)، پاراگراف اول از متن زیر بررسی می‌شود:

Water is far denser than air, a fact that has profound consequences for invertebrates. For example, a rigid skeletal support system is not required in water because the medium itself is supportive; water also supports delicate anatomical structures, such as gill filaments, that would collapse and cease to function properly in air. For the same reason, animals can often move with greater efficiency in water than in air, expending less energy to progress a given distance. Indeed, many aquatic invertebrate species expend virtually no energy at all for movement—they simply don’t move. How do such animals feed without the ability to move? Because water is wet and dense, microscopic free-floating “plants” and animals (phytoplankton and zooplankton, respectively) live in suspension; this enables many other aquatic animals to make their living “sitting down,” capturing food particles directly from the medium as it flows past the stationary animal. Often, some energy must be expended to move water past the animal’s feeding structures, but the animal need not use energy in a search for food. Such a suspension-feeding existence, quite commonly encountered in aquatic environments, seems to have been exploited only by web-building spiders in the terrestrial habitat. Potential food particles simply do not occur in high concentrations in the dry, unsupportive air.

External fertilization and the external development of embryos and larvae, so commonly encountered among marine invertebrates, are made possible as much by water’s high density as by its wetness; the water supports both sperm and eggs and the embryo itself as it develops. In many groups of marine invertebrates, external fertilization and/or external larval development is the rule rather than the exception. Because little energy may be required to remain afloat in the aquatic medium, developmental stages (e.g., embryos and larvae) of aquatic invertebrates often serve as the dispersal stages for sedentary adults—exactly the opposite of the situation encountered among most terrestrial animals.

Writing & Grammar - Academic Activities

Forwarded from Writing & Grammar 👨‍🏫

👨‍🏫 در وبینار رایگان زبان عمومی (روز یکشنبه)، پاراگراف اول از متن زیر بررسی می‌شود:

Water is far denser than air, a fact that has profound consequences for invertebrates. For example, a rigid skeletal support system is not required in water because the medium itself is supportive; water also supports delicate anatomical structures, such as gill filaments, that would collapse and cease to function properly in air. For the same reason, animals can often move with greater efficiency in water than in air, expending less energy to progress a given distance. Indeed, many aquatic invertebrate species expend virtually no energy at all for movement—they simply don’t move. How do such animals feed without the ability to move? Because water is wet and dense, microscopic free-floating “plants” and animals (phytoplankton and zooplankton, respectively) live in suspension; this enables many other aquatic animals to make their living “sitting down,” capturing food particles directly from the medium as it flows past the stationary animal. Often, some energy must be expended to move water past the animal’s feeding structures, but the animal need not use energy in a search for food. Such a suspension-feeding existence, quite commonly encountered in aquatic environments, seems to have been exploited only by web-building spiders in the terrestrial habitat. Potential food particles simply do not occur in high concentrations in the dry, unsupportive air.

External fertilization and the external development of embryos and larvae, so commonly encountered among marine invertebrates, are made possible as much by water’s high density as by its wetness; the water supports both sperm and eggs and the embryo itself as it develops. In many groups of marine invertebrates, external fertilization and/or external larval development is the rule rather than the exception. Because little energy may be required to remain afloat in the aquatic medium, developmental stages (e.g., embryos and larvae) of aquatic invertebrates often serve as the dispersal stages for sedentary adults—exactly the opposite of the situation encountered among most terrestrial animals.

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364 viewsJul 4 at 10:53