Quantum problems | United States America (US)

Create: 2018-01-27 Update: 2025-07-01 08:05:49

⭕️ معضل اندازه گیری: عدم تعریف دقیقِ مفهومِ اندازه‌گیری و مشاهده‌گر

یکی از مفاهیمِ پرکاربرد و ضروری در اصول موضوعۀ نظریۀ کوانتوم، مفهومِ اندازه‌گیری است؛ اما در اصول این نظریه هیچ تعریف مشخصی از این مفهوم ارائه نشده است. برای همین است که تعابیر متعددی برای این نظریه معرفی شده است، که در هرکدام از این تعابیر اندازه گیری را به روش خود تعریف می‌کنند، و اکثر افراد، هرکدام به یکی از این تعابیر اکتفا می کنند و هنوز هیچ اتفاق نظری بر سر این موضوع نیست. می توان ردِ پایِ این مسئله را در تمام پارادوکس های موجود در آزمایشهای ذهنی پیدا کرد. از طرفی، این مسئله ارتباط تنگاتنگی با مسئلۀ تقلیل تابع موج دارد؛ و به دلیل وجود مفهومی به نام تقلیل است که ما باید مفهوم اندازه‌گیری و مشاهده‌گر را به دقت تعریف کنیم.

برخی سوالات اساسی که مرتبط با این بحث مطرح می‌شوند به شرح زیر است:
🔺 چه وقت می توانیم بگوییم اندازه گیری انجام شده است؟
🔺 قبل از اینکه ناظری در جهان وجود داشته باشد، چه چیزی باعث تقلیل تابع موج آن شده؟
🔺 آیا اندازه گیری در یک نقطه از جهان می تواند به طور آنی بر بقیۀ نقاط جهان اثر بگذارد؟
🔺 آیا فقط انسان (موجود با شعور) می تواند اندازه گیری کند و باعث تقلیل تابع موج شود و یا هر جسم دیگری که با سیستم برهمکنش کند، می تواند تابع موج را تقلیل دهد؟
🔺 آیا اندازه گیریِ یک ناظر بر روی یک سیستم، می تواند باعث تقلیل تابع موج آن سیستم برای ناظرهای دیگر شود؟ یا هر شخص با اندازه گیریِ خود، تابع موج سیستم و آن شخص را تقلیل می دهد؟ به عبارت دیگر آیا اگر ما به چیزی نگاه نکنیم آن چیز وجود ندارد؟

نظریۀ کوانتوم به خودیِ خود، هیچ پاسخی برای این سوالات ارائه نمی کند، ولی دانشمندانِ مختلف راجع به این سوال نظرات متفاوتی دارند. در ادامه به برخی از این نظرات خواهیم پرداخت . . .

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Quantum problems

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Spiking bond yields driving sharp losses in tech stocks

A spike in interest rates since the start of the year has accelerated a rotation out of high-growth technology stocks and into value stocks poised to benefit from a reopening of the economy. The Nasdaq has fallen more than 10% over the past month as the Dow has soared to record highs, with a spike in the 10-year US Treasury yield acting as the main catalyst. It recently surged to a cycle high of more than 1.60% after starting the year below 1%. But according to Jim Paulsen, the Leuthold Group's chief investment strategist, rising interest rates do not represent a long-term threat to the stock market. Paulsen expects the 10-year yield to cross 2% by the end of the year. A spike in interest rates and its impact on the stock market depends on the economic backdrop, according to Paulsen. Rising interest rates amid a strengthening economy "may prove no challenge at all for stocks," Paulsen said.

⭕️ معضل اندازه گیری: عدم تعریف دقیقِ مفهومِ اندازه‌گیری و مشاهده‌گر

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