کلاس درس اقتصاد توسعه | United States America (US)

Create: 2022-07-07 Update: 2025-07-02 04:47:20

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فصل نهم – بازدهی شرکت‌ها

9.1. بازدهی در شرکت ها
9.2. بازدهی و اندازه شرکت ها
9.3. دو تصور غلط در مورد شرکت های بین‌المللی
9.4. محاسبه سود و زیان
9.5. تئوری سیاست صنعتی سازی
9.6. شواهد مربوط به سیاست صنعتی سازی
9.7. همگرایی مشروط
9.8. انحصار محلی

فصل دهم – تجارت

10.1. مزیت نسبی
10.2. منشا مزیت نسبی
10.3. توسعه و تجارت: شواهد تجربی
10.4. تاریخچه تعرفه و تجارت
10.5. تجارت و فقر در هند
10.6. آیا "تجارت منصفانه" مفید است؟
10.7. سازمان تجارت جهانی

فصل یازدهم – حقوق مالکیت

11.1. مالکیت جمعی و مالکیت خصوصی
11.2. سند مالکیت
11.3. مالکیت جمعی، حصارکشی، و دولت
11.4. هرناندو دسوتو

فصل دوازدهم – فساد

12.1. فساد و رشد اقتصادی
12.2. فساد و انتقال تکنولوژی
12.3. فساد نقدی
12.4. فساد: چه کسی میپردازد و چقدر؟
12.5. رانت جویی و تعادل چندگانه
12.6. فساد، با و بدون سرقت
12.7. پارادوکس تالِک
12.8. دلایل فساد
12.9. جنسیت و فساد
12.10. فساد و ترکیب خروجی/تولید
12.11. فساد، عدالت، و توسعه
12.12. سایت ipaidabribe.com
12.13. بیزینس در هند بدون دادن رشوه
12.14. شاخص‌های فساد
12.15. فساد و جریمه‌های رانندگی
12.16. رانندگان هندی
12.17. اَن کروگر
12.18. جاگدیش باگواتی
12.19. نحوه مبارزه با فساد
12.20. فساد و حقوق مشاغل دولتی

فصل سیزدهم – کمک خارجی

13.1. حقایق پایه‌ای کمک خارجی: اهداکنندگان و دریافت‌کنندگان
13.2. آیا کمک خارجی به افزایش رشد اقتصادی می‌انجامد؟
13.3. مساله دانش و مشکل انگیزه‌ها
13.4. مثال‌هایی از موفقیت کمک خارجی
13.5. بانک جهانی
13.6. صندوق بین‌المللی پول
13.7. پروژه روستاهای هزاره

فصل چهاردهم – فاینانس، رشد اقتصادی، و فقرا

14.1. فاینانس و رشد اقتصادی
14.2. قوانین بخش فاینانس و مساله اعتماد (مکزیک)
14.3. مقدمه‌ای بر بحث فاینانس خرد (پورتفولیوی فقرا)
14.4. وام خرد
14.5. پس‌انداز خرد
14.6. صندوق‌های ROSCA و Chit Fund
14.7. شواهد مربوط به وام خرد
14.8. رابرت تاونسند

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کلاس درس اقتصاد توسعه

کلاس درس اقتصاد توسعه

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What is Telegram?

Telegram’s stand out feature is its encryption scheme that keeps messages and media secure in transit. The scheme is known as MTProto and is based on 256-bit AES encryption, RSA encryption, and Diffie-Hellman key exchange. The result of this complicated and technical-sounding jargon? A messaging service that claims to keep your data safe.Why do we say claims? When dealing with security, you always want to leave room for scrutiny, and a few cryptography experts have criticized the system. Overall, any level of encryption is better than none, but a level of discretion should always be observed with any online connected system, even Telegram.

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Telegram is a messaging app with a focus on speed and security, it’s super-fast, simple and free. You can use Telegram on all your devices at the same time — your messages sync seamlessly across any number of your phones, tablets or computers.

Q: Who is Telegram for?

Telegram is for everyone who wants fast and reliable messaging and calls. Business users and small teams may like the large groups, usernames, desktop apps and powerful file sharing options. You can appoint admins with advanced tools to help these communities prosper in peace. Public groups can be joined by anyone and are powerful platforms for discussions and collecting feedback.In case you're more into pictures, Telegram has animated gif search, a state of the art photo editor, and an open sticker platform (find some cool stickers here or here). What's more, there is no need to worry about disk space on your device. With Telegram's cloud support and cache management options, Telegram can take up nearly zero space on your phone.

Q: How is Telegram different from WhatsApp?

Unlike WhatsApp, Telegram is a cloud-based messenger with seamless sync. As a result, you can access your messages from several devices at once, including tablets and computers, and share an unlimited number of photos, videos and files (doc, zip, mp3, etc.) of up to 2 GB each. And if you don't want to store all that data on your device, you can always keep it in the cloud.Thanks to our multi-data center infrastructure and encryption, Telegram is faster and way more secure. On top of that, Telegram is free and will stay free — no ads, no subscription fees, forever.

Q: Can I make calls via Telegram?

Yes! Voice calls are currently available to users around the world.

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