Channel: Environment & Ecology
🔆Batillipes chandrayaani
✅A new species of marine tardigrade discovered from the southeast coast of Tamil Nadu has been named Batillipes chandrayaani after the Chandrayaan-3 moon mission
📍What are Tardigrades?
✅These are microscopic marvels commonly known as ‘water bears,’
Marine tardigrades account for 17% of all known tardigrade species. They are also found in all the oceans.
✅Despite their tiny physiques, these micro-metazoans easily rank among the hardiest animals, enduring mass extinctions and are highly regarded for their survival skills.
#gs3
#environment
@upsc_4_environment
✅A new species of marine tardigrade discovered from the southeast coast of Tamil Nadu has been named Batillipes chandrayaani after the Chandrayaan-3 moon mission
📍What are Tardigrades?
✅These are microscopic marvels commonly known as ‘water bears,’
Marine tardigrades account for 17% of all known tardigrade species. They are also found in all the oceans.
✅Despite their tiny physiques, these micro-metazoans easily rank among the hardiest animals, enduring mass extinctions and are highly regarded for their survival skills.
#gs3
#environment
@upsc_4_environment
🔆Bhadra Tiger Reserve:
✅It is situated in the midst of the Western Ghats region of It is unique as it nestled within several hill ranges. It is drained by the river Bhadra and its tributaries.
✅It boasts of a substantial tiger population and as such the sanctuary was declared the 25th Project Tiger reserve of India in 1998. The habitat also has an Elephant Reserve.
✅Vegetation: It has dry-deciduous, moist-deciduous, shola and semi-evergreen patches.
✅Flora: Teak, Rosewood, Mathi, Honne, Nandi and many medicinal plants etc.
✅Fauna: Tiger, Leopard, Leopard cat, Dholes, Indian Civet, ungulates like Gaur, Sambar and Barking Deer are common.
✅Other Tiger Reserves of Karnataka: Bandipura, Nagarahole, Dandeli-Anshi and Biligiriranga Tiger Reserve.
#gs3
#environment
@upsc_4_environment
✅It is situated in the midst of the Western Ghats region of It is unique as it nestled within several hill ranges. It is drained by the river Bhadra and its tributaries.
✅It boasts of a substantial tiger population and as such the sanctuary was declared the 25th Project Tiger reserve of India in 1998. The habitat also has an Elephant Reserve.
✅Vegetation: It has dry-deciduous, moist-deciduous, shola and semi-evergreen patches.
✅Flora: Teak, Rosewood, Mathi, Honne, Nandi and many medicinal plants etc.
✅Fauna: Tiger, Leopard, Leopard cat, Dholes, Indian Civet, ungulates like Gaur, Sambar and Barking Deer are common.
✅Other Tiger Reserves of Karnataka: Bandipura, Nagarahole, Dandeli-Anshi and Biligiriranga Tiger Reserve.
#gs3
#environment
@upsc_4_environment
🔆What are Unclassed Forests?
✅Legal Protection:
Unclassed forests, also known as deemed forests, enjoy legal protection under the landmark case T.N. Godavarman Thirumulkpad vs Union Of India & Ors(1996).
📍Definition:
✅They encompass various types of land, including those belonging to forests, revenue, railways, government entities, community forests, or private ownership.
✅Despite their diverse ownership, these forests are not officially notified under the Indian Forest Act, though the area has forest type vegetation.
📍Identification Process:
✅State Expert Committees (SECs) were tasked with identifying unclassed forests across the country.
✅Identification involved examining available records such as Forest Working Plans and Revenue land records, as well as physically identifying land patches with forest characteristics.
📍Implications of FCAA:
✅The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, which came into force in December 2023, introduced significant changes to the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (FCA).
✅The amendment narrowed the coverage of the FCA to two types of lands:
✅Areas officially declared or notified as forests under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, or other relevant legislation.
✅Lands recorded as forests in government records since 25th October 1980.
✅FCAA, 2023 raised concerns about the loss of legal protection for unclassed forests, potentially leading to their diversion for non-forest use.
✅Under the FCAA, unclassed forests would require Central government approval for any diversion, even if not officially notified.
📍Challenges:
✅Legal Protection:
With the enactment of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, unclassed forests risk losing their legal protection, leading to their diversion for non-forest use.
✅Impact on Forest-Dwelling Communities:
The Amendment Act's failure to recognise 'deemed forests' as subject to the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act,1980 undermines the rights of forest-dwelling communities.
#gs3
#prelims
#environment
@upsc_prep_squad
@upsc_4_environment
✅Legal Protection:
Unclassed forests, also known as deemed forests, enjoy legal protection under the landmark case T.N. Godavarman Thirumulkpad vs Union Of India & Ors(1996).
📍Definition:
✅They encompass various types of land, including those belonging to forests, revenue, railways, government entities, community forests, or private ownership.
✅Despite their diverse ownership, these forests are not officially notified under the Indian Forest Act, though the area has forest type vegetation.
📍Identification Process:
✅State Expert Committees (SECs) were tasked with identifying unclassed forests across the country.
✅Identification involved examining available records such as Forest Working Plans and Revenue land records, as well as physically identifying land patches with forest characteristics.
📍Implications of FCAA:
✅The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, which came into force in December 2023, introduced significant changes to the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (FCA).
✅The amendment narrowed the coverage of the FCA to two types of lands:
✅Areas officially declared or notified as forests under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, or other relevant legislation.
✅Lands recorded as forests in government records since 25th October 1980.
✅FCAA, 2023 raised concerns about the loss of legal protection for unclassed forests, potentially leading to their diversion for non-forest use.
✅Under the FCAA, unclassed forests would require Central government approval for any diversion, even if not officially notified.
📍Challenges:
✅Legal Protection:
With the enactment of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, unclassed forests risk losing their legal protection, leading to their diversion for non-forest use.
✅Impact on Forest-Dwelling Communities:
The Amendment Act's failure to recognise 'deemed forests' as subject to the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act,1980 undermines the rights of forest-dwelling communities.
#gs3
#prelims
#environment
@upsc_prep_squad
@upsc_4_environment
🔆Making India a biodiversity Champion
✅Biodiversity, which encompasses the total quantity and variety of life on our planet, is crucial for the future of Earth. The United Nations Biodiversity Conference in Montreal, Canada (2022) emphasized the significance of this biological wealth.
✅In the same conference, 188 country representatives adopted an agreement to “halt and reverse” biodiversity loss by conserving 30% of the world’s land and 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030, known as the 30×30 pledge.
✅India currently hosts 17% of the planet’s human population and 17% of the global area in biodiversity hotspots, placing it at the helm to guide the planet in becoming biodiversity champions. To achieve the 30% goal, India needs to have Biodiversity Friendly Management.
Biodiversity conservation
📍What are the Related Initiatives?
✅Green Growth Priority in Budget 2023:
The Union Budget 2023 mentioned “Green Growth” as one of the seven priorities or Saptarishis.
These green growth efforts will help in reducing carbon intensity of the economy and provide for large-scale green job opportunities.
✅National Mission for a Green India:
It aims to increase forest cover on degraded lands and protect existing forested lands.
✅Green Credit Programme:
It has the objective to “incentivize environmentally sustainable and responsive actions by companies, individuals and local bodies”.
✅MISHTI Initiative:
The Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) is particularly significant because of the extraordinary importance of mangroves and coastal ecosystems in mitigating climate change.
✅PM-PRANAM:
To sustain our agriculture, PM-PRANAM is important for reducing inputs of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
✅Amrit Dharohar scheme:
The Amrit Dharohar scheme is expected to “encourage optimal use of wetlands, and enhance biodiversity, carbon stock, eco-tourism opportunities and income generation for local communities”.
#gs3
#environment
@upsc_4_environment
✅Biodiversity, which encompasses the total quantity and variety of life on our planet, is crucial for the future of Earth. The United Nations Biodiversity Conference in Montreal, Canada (2022) emphasized the significance of this biological wealth.
✅In the same conference, 188 country representatives adopted an agreement to “halt and reverse” biodiversity loss by conserving 30% of the world’s land and 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030, known as the 30×30 pledge.
✅India currently hosts 17% of the planet’s human population and 17% of the global area in biodiversity hotspots, placing it at the helm to guide the planet in becoming biodiversity champions. To achieve the 30% goal, India needs to have Biodiversity Friendly Management.
Biodiversity conservation
📍What are the Related Initiatives?
✅Green Growth Priority in Budget 2023:
The Union Budget 2023 mentioned “Green Growth” as one of the seven priorities or Saptarishis.
These green growth efforts will help in reducing carbon intensity of the economy and provide for large-scale green job opportunities.
✅National Mission for a Green India:
It aims to increase forest cover on degraded lands and protect existing forested lands.
✅Green Credit Programme:
It has the objective to “incentivize environmentally sustainable and responsive actions by companies, individuals and local bodies”.
✅MISHTI Initiative:
The Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) is particularly significant because of the extraordinary importance of mangroves and coastal ecosystems in mitigating climate change.
✅PM-PRANAM:
To sustain our agriculture, PM-PRANAM is important for reducing inputs of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
✅Amrit Dharohar scheme:
The Amrit Dharohar scheme is expected to “encourage optimal use of wetlands, and enhance biodiversity, carbon stock, eco-tourism opportunities and income generation for local communities”.
#gs3
#environment
@upsc_4_environment
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains)
AnsKey-CSP-2023-Paper-I-090524.pdf
14.4 MB
Official answer keys (CSE-2023)
https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/AnsKey-CSP-2023-Paper-I-090524.pdf
https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/AnsKey-CSP-2023-Paper-I-090524.pdf
📍What are the challenges to carbon farming?
✅Effectiveness and usefulness depend on multiple factors
✅The effectiveness of carbon farming varies depending on multiple factors — geographical location, soil type, crop selection, water availability, biodiversity, and farm size and scale.
✅Its usefulness also depends on land management practices, sufficient policy support, and community engagement.
✅Carbon farming can be challenging in hot and dry areas
In regions with adequate rainfall and fertile soil, the potential for carbon sequestration through practices like agroforestry and conservation agriculture may be particularly high.
✅On the other hand, carbon farming can be challenging in hot and dry areas where the availability of water is limited.
✅Limited water availability can hinder the growth of plants, thus restricting the potential for sequestration through photosynthesis.
✅Selection of plants
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#environment
@upsc_4_environment
✅Effectiveness and usefulness depend on multiple factors
✅The effectiveness of carbon farming varies depending on multiple factors — geographical location, soil type, crop selection, water availability, biodiversity, and farm size and scale.
✅Its usefulness also depends on land management practices, sufficient policy support, and community engagement.
✅Carbon farming can be challenging in hot and dry areas
In regions with adequate rainfall and fertile soil, the potential for carbon sequestration through practices like agroforestry and conservation agriculture may be particularly high.
✅On the other hand, carbon farming can be challenging in hot and dry areas where the availability of water is limited.
✅Limited water availability can hinder the growth of plants, thus restricting the potential for sequestration through photosynthesis.
✅Selection of plants
#gs3
#environment
@upsc_4_environment
Very important Q
In pyq upsc ask about
Agroforestry
Carbon fertilization
Social forestry
SO Carbon farming is new topic
In pyq upsc ask about
Agroforestry
Carbon fertilization
Social forestry
SO Carbon farming is new topic
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